EN
????? ?????
????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????. ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????.
?? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? — ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????.
????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????:
| ??? ?????? | ????? ????? | ???? ????? |
|---|---|---|
| ???????? ??????? | 50,000 ???? | ???? ?????/????? |
| ???? ????? ?????????? | 500,000 ???? ????? | ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? |
???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? (???? ?? ???? ???? ?????) ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????. ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? — ?? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????.
????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????. ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????: ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????—?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? (???? ????? ??????????? ???? hunting effect) ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? (PSI)? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????.
???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????????—??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? (????? ???????) ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????: ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ASTM B117. ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????— ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???— ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????????.
????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????????—?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????.
?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??. ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????—??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????.
??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? — ??????? ????? ??–??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????.
????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????— ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? 0.01 ?? . ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???— ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????????. ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????: ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???/????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????. ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????.
?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???.
???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????.
???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????.
???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????.